Where several answers are possible, the most natural one is given first; acceptable alternatives follow in parentheses.
Chapter 1
1.1 1 C U U U C (= an article) U
1.2 1 an engineer; a European company — Honesty; the best policy the Alps; — Italy — breakfast; a hotel; the station The water — work; — bus
1.3 1 the children’s toys three sisters-in-law These phenomena two loaves of bread and some milk My parents’ house
Chapter 2
2.1 1 me I him their (or his or her in very formal style) its
2.2 1 little some any a few Few
2.3 1 Neither of the answers was correct. send the report to me Every employee must These shoes tell them I’m in a meeting
Chapter 3
3.1 1 freezes are having drives; is cycling don’t understand is snowing arrives
3.2 1 Does she speak Portuguese? They aren’t ready. Has he got a driving licence? The children don’t like broccoli. Are there any messages for me?
3.3 1 He doesn’t work I don’t believe this story She has two children Does he play…? I agree with She always drinks tea in the morning.
Chapter 4
4.1 bought, caught, came, drank, fell, felt, flew, forgot, held, left, lost, paid, ran, taught, thought, threw, wore, won, wrote, began
4.2 1 rang; left found; was walking didn’t hear; was listening were you doing
4.3 1 I’ll get are going to drop are flying begins will pass (’re going to pass)
4.4 1 I used to drink coffee every morning. She is used to working night shifts. There used to be a bakery on this corner.
Chapter 5
5.1 1 beautifully easy fast well; good badly
5.2 1 the worst bigger difficult The further (farther); the drier the most talented
5.3 1 on; at in; in; in at; in on at; at
5.4 1 She bought a beautiful Italian leather handbag. He speaks English very fluently. The train is almost always on time. The actors performed wonderfully at the theatre last night.
Chapter 6
6.1 1 Who broke the window? What did she break? How often do they go to the gym? Why was he late? How long does the journey take?
6.2 1 aren’t you does she haven’t they aren’t I shall we
6.3 1 Where did you buy that jacket? I didn’t see anybody (I saw nobody) “Neither can I.” What happens if I press this button? Explain to me why you are late. (Tell me why…)
Chapter 7
7.1 1 wrote have known Have you ever tried moved has grown missed
7.2 1 Have you been running? has written have they been learning have been reading has eaten
7.3 1 By the time we reached the station, the train had left. After she had spent all her money, she asked her brother for a loan. He had never flown before, so he was nervous at the airport.
7.4 1 will have built will be having will have been married
Chapter 8
8.1 1 don’t have to mustn’t was able to can’t should
8.2 1 Laura must have forgotten the meeting. You shouldn’t have lent him money. They may/might have taken an earlier flight. You needn’t have printed the documents. Marco can’t have written this.
8.3 1 She can speak must submit would have called Can you help me…? I had to work until midnight.
Chapter 9
9.1 1 leave (first) gets (zero) were (second) had warned (third) wouldn’t be (second)
9.2 1 Unless we hurry, we’ll miss the train. If I had known you were ill, I would have visited you. I wish I had bought that house. I wish he wouldn’t leave the door open. Take some cash in case the card machine doesn’t work.
9.3 1 If I see her If you had listened I wish I could speak Chinese. Unless you apologize / If you don’t apologize If he were here now
Chapter 10
10.1 1 The office is cleaned every evening. A new stadium is being built near the river. All the dishes have been prepared by hand. It is said that the water in this spring heals wounds. / The water in this spring is said to heal wounds. The equipment must be returned by Friday. The mural was painted by a local artist in 1998.
10.2 1 B (topic is the suspect; agent obvious) B (scientific convention; agent irrelevant) A (the assistant is newsworthy, so keep her as subject)
10.3 1 I had my hair cut yesterday. We’re going to have our garage door repaired. She had her passport stolen while (she was) travelling.
Chapter 11
11.1 1 waiting; to queue to help; (to) organize writing breaking hearing show
11.2 1 (a) he quit coffee; (b) he paused (some activity) in order to drink one (a) I recall the past act of posting; (b) I must not neglect the future act (a) experiment — talking to her may solve the problem; (b) make the attempt to talk (it may be difficult) (a) I watched the complete episode of playing; (b) I saw them in the middle of playing
11.3 1 suggested taking wants her son to study without saying used to driving let me stay Avoid travelling
Chapter 12
12.1 1 The nurse who looked after my mother was very kind. A bypass is a road that/which goes around a town. Marie Curie, whose research changed physics, won two Nobel Prizes. We stayed in the village where Picasso was born. My laptop, which I bought only last month, has crashed again.
12.2 1 commas (non-defining: only one sister) no commas commas no commas
12.3 1 The man talking to Sara is my uncle. Applications received after May 1 will not be considered. She was the first athlete to break the record twice. Students wishing to attend should register online.
Chapter 13
13.1 1 Marta said (that) she was leaving the next day. They said they hadn’t seen that film. Grandpa said he couldn’t find his glasses. The professor said the results would be published the following week. My brother said he hadn’t touched my phone.
13.2 1 She asked where the nearest bank was. He wanted to know if/whether I had enjoyed the concert. The guard told us not to open the window. They asked me how long I had been waiting. The airline advised passengers to check their booking details again.
13.3 1 He admitted breaking the vase (that he had broken the vase). He promised to pay me back on Monday. She suggested taking the coastal road. She apologized for shouting at me. He accused her of copying his design.
Chapter 14
14.1 1 The higher we climbed, the more difficult breathing became. That hotel is nowhere near as cheap as this one. This is the most moving novel I have ever read. Her flat is twice as big as mine (twice the size of mine).
14.2 1 Each whole Most so so
14.3 1 The unemployed often face — discrimination. the violin; the drums The whale is the largest mammal on — Earth (on the Earth also possible). — television; the radio
Chapter 15
15.1 1 called off ran into (came across) set up fill in (fill out) cut down on look into
15.2 1 up with out of; up after out down
15.3 1 Please switch them off. She brought them up alone. They called it off. I’ll look into it tomorrow. (inseparable — pronoun follows the preposition)
Chapter 16
16.1 1 had left; was clearing; noticed; had slipped would tell (used to tell); went
16.2 1 …that the company would collapse within a year. We were about to leave (were going to leave) just as you texted. The ceremony was to have been held outdoors, but the storm forced it inside.
16.3 1 Did you ever meet — his lifetime is a closed period. are being — temporary behaviour, not character. was wondering — past progressive distances the request, making it more tentative and polite. had been — the decision preceded the (past) announcement.
Chapter 17
17.1 1 hadn’t moved; would speak were; wouldn’t have lost had accepted; would be working
17.2 1 Should you change your mind, let us know. Had the government acted sooner, lives would have been saved. Were the company to relocate, half the staff would leave. Had it not been for the referee’s error, we would have won.
17.3 1 take (should take) be be reversed were did
Chapter 18
18.1 1 Never have I heard such nonsense. Only after two years were the results published. Hardly had we left the house when it began to snow. Under no circumstances should you open this door. Not only does she speak five languages, but she also plays three instruments.
18.2 1 It was the manager who approved the budget. What I admire about her is her honesty. It is in the second act that the show becomes interesting. All we need is a little more time.
18.3 1 No sooner had we arrived than… So strong was the wind that… Little did he know… correct Not until 1920 could women vote in the United States.
Chapter 19
19.1 1 Having lost his ticket, he had to buy another. Having checked the figures twice, she submitted the report. The hotel being full, we drove to the next town. The contract (having been) signed, the partners shook hands. Not knowing the area, I used a map.
19.2 1 Because he had been warned twice, the driver lost his licence. If the weather permits, the flight will leave on time. Because she hadn’t read the manual, she pressed the wrong button. When it is seen from above, the island resembles a crescent.
19.3 1 As we drove through the desert, the temperature reached 45 °C. Having finished the meal, we asked for the bill. When I opened the cupboard, a mouse jumped out. Written in 1848, the pamphlet still electrifies readers.
Chapter 20
20.1 (a) 1 The committee’s quick decision surprised everyone. The growth in demand pushed prices up. The two sides’ agreement ended the strike. (b) 4 The team reviewed the proposal. The pump failed at midnight. Residents resisted the demolition of the theatre.
20.2 1 She washed the dishes, and then dried them. I haven’t read the report, but I will tonight. He plays tennis, and his wife golf. “I’d like to, but I can’t.”
20.3 1 I hope so. than my new one and she did (so) I’m afraid not.
Chapter 21
21.1 1 Despite therefore Even if on the other hand However you look at it (= no matter how)
21.2 1 The results were promising; however, the sample was tiny. Although the price was high, the quality was poor. Despite his injury (In spite of his injury), he played the full match. e.g. “Although the theory is elegant, it has little evidence; nevertheless, it remains popular.”
21.3 1 Experienced as she was, she failed the simulation. However much it costs, we need it. Admittedly, he apologized. The damage, however, was done.
Chapter 22
22.1 1 We’re going to have the ring engraved. The customs officers made him open his suitcase. I got my neighbour to water the plants. She had her credit card details stolen. The new rules let staff work remotely.
22.2 1 The museum closed at five. This jacket washes well. The first edition sold out within a week. The fire started in the basement.
22.3 1 It is said that the mayor is considering resignation. / The mayor is said to be considering resignation. The temple is believed to have been destroyed in 900 AD. These allegations have not been looked into. The old professor was looked up to by everyone.
Chapter 23
23.1 1 gave the letter fails movement and clefting (*It was gave the letter that she to her lawyer) — not a constituent. the defendant guilty resists the standard tests as a unit in movement, though many grammars treat it as a small clause; at minimum, the defendant and guilty are separate constituents of the VP. Ambiguous: as one constituent (= students who were in the hall) it passes substitution (to them); as two (speaking took place in the hall) each PP passes tests separately. Passes substitution (That soon became obvious) — a subject clause, hence a constituent.
23.2 1 adjunct complement a judge: complement; in 2019: adjunct on the shelf: complement (required by place); this morning: adjunct
23.3 1 discussed the merger comprises ten components (consists of ten components) emphasized the need prevent the disease from spreading provides readers with useful comparisons (provides useful comparisons for readers)
Chapter 24
24.1 1 “Titanium proved the most durable.” (the rest is given) “Forty engineers now work there.” It works because the stranger’s arrival repackages the previous sentence as given information, and the news (changed everything) comes at the end.
24.2 1 It amazed the doctors that anyone could survive a fall from that height without serious injury. She sent us the analysis that the client had been demanding for weeks. He turned down the most lucrative sponsorship deal in the sport’s history.
24.3 1 She lent only her car to her brother on Sundays. She lent her car only to her brother on Sundays. She lent her car to her brother only on Sundays.
Chapter 25
25.1 1 is were (nearer subject) have is are (BrE, individuals) makes was (proximity; were also defensible) listen
25.2 1 was left Each…has strengths The committee has submitted its report (or have…their) More than one candidate was shortlisted The quality…leaves much to be desired
25.3 1 Either you are responsible for locking up, or your sister is. Neither the tenants nor the landlord wants the case to go to court. (or: The landlord doesn’t want the case to go to court, and neither do the tenants.) Every doctor and every nurse has signed the petition.
Chapter 26
26.1 Sample answers: 1 Remote work may improve productivity for some employees, although effects vary across roles. The new drug appears to be effective against the disease in early trials. Some studies suggest an association between violent video games and short-term aggression; causal evidence remains weak. Our model correctly predicted the last three elections, which suggests it may generalize.
26.2 1 The sample may be biased. Prices tend to rise.
26.3 1 We found that many users postpone updating their software. They investigated the problem but could not determine what had triggered it. The plan failed because the backers withdrew. e.g. “Shame the speed-up we were hoping for didn’t happen.”
Chapter 27
27.1 1 After the merger was announced, the share price, which had been falling for months, doubled. The recipe calls for flour, butter, sugar(,) and three large eggs. There was only one problem: nobody had tested the parachute. My brother, who lives in Oslo, is visiting; my sister lives here. It’s been a year since the company lost its licence.
27.2 1 The deadline passed; nobody had submitted anything. / The deadline passed, but nobody had submitted anything. She is a brilliant negotiator; her deals prove it. / She is a brilliant negotiator — her deals prove it.
27.3 1 a well-respected twenty-year-old critic The strategy was ill conceived, but the ill-conceived plan succeeded anyway. a quickly assembled team of highly trained engineers (no hyphens after -ly adverbs) a five-year, thirty-million-dollar contract
27.4 1 (a) all staff joined after 2020 and none gets a bonus; (b) only the post-2020 joiners are excluded. (a) she reports that the manager lies; (b) the manager reports that she lies. re-sign = sign again; resign = give up the post — the hyphen reverses the meaning.
Chapter 28
28.1 1 As we flew over the valley, the villages looked like toys. After the chicken has marinated overnight, you can grill it. The tour includes a two-hour visit to the palace. He earned nearly $100,000 last year.
28.2 1 The course teaches drafting, editing, and revising. We want to expand into either Asia or Europe. Her lectures were witty and insightful, and they never ran over time. Cycling is better for the environment than driving.
28.3 1 (i) relatives who visit are tiring \(\to\) “Relatives who visit can be exhausting”; (ii) going to visit relatives is tiring \(\to\) “Visiting our relatives can be exhausting.” (i) the chicken is cooked and can be eaten \(\to\) “The chicken is ready to be eaten”; (ii) the chicken is hungry \(\to\) “The chicken is ready for its feed.” (i) Flavio used the telescope \(\to\) “Through the telescope, Flavio saw the tourist”; (ii) the tourist carried it \(\to\) “Flavio saw the tourist who was carrying the telescope.” (i) owners of small businesses \(\to\) “Small-business owners protested”; (ii) short business owners \(\to\) “The small owners of businesses protested” (forced reading).
Chapter 29
29.1 1 zombie — Because she was ill, she stayed home is impeccable; the myth targets fragments, not the word. convention — expected in edited prose, relaxed in speech and with measures. zombie — split when clarity or rhythm benefits. genuine rule of grammar. register convention — correct for that genre, not a rule of grammar.
29.2 1 inferred fewer disinterested lay affect might
29.3 Sample rewrites: 1 The new team cut costs by eliminating redundant processes. This weekend’s system upgrade may cause delays. The committee’s rejection of the proposal disappointed the applicants. (Better: The committee rejected the proposal, disappointing the applicants.)