課程教材

  • N. K. Nguyen, E. W. Postlethwaite, 6CCS3CIS Cryptography, third lecture, King’s College London, 2025/26.

  • E. W. Postlethwaite, Problem Set 3, 6CCS3CIS Cryptography, 9 October 2025.

課本與延伸閱讀

  • J. Katz, Y. Lindell, Introduction to Modern Cryptography, 3rd ed., CRC Press, 2021. 本週對應:§1.3(Caesar、位移、單字母替換、Vigenère 與其破譯)、第 2 章(完美保密:定義 2.3、引理 2.4、定義 2.5、引理 2.6、構造 2.8、定理 2.9、§2.3 定理 2.10、§2.4 Shannon 定理 2.11;習題 2.3、2.7、2.9)。

  • C. E. Shannon, “Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems”, Bell System Technical Journal 28(4), 1949, pp. 656–715.(完美保密、OTP、\(\abs\calK\ge\abs\calM\)、唯一解距離)

  • D. Stinson, M. Paterson, Cryptography: Theory and Practice, 4th ed., CRC Press, 2018. 第 2 章(古典密碼與其分析:Kasiski、\(\IC\)、\(\chi^2\)/內積法)、第 3 章(Shannon 理論)。

  • M. Rosulek, The Joy of Cryptography, 第 1–2 章(OTP、一次性性質、Kerckhoffs)。https://joyofcryptography.com

  • D. Kahn, The Codebreakers, rev. ed., Scribner, 1996.(al-Kindī、Bellaso/Vigenère、Babbage、Kasiski、Friedman、Vernam/Mauborgne 的標準史料)

  • S. Singh, The Code Book, Fourth Estate, 1999.(通俗版:Mary Queen of Scots、Vigenère 的破解、OTP)

古典密碼與密碼分析

  • Suetonius, De vita Caesarum, Divus Iulius 56; Divus Augustus 88.(Caesar 位移 3、Augustus 位移 1)

  • F. W. Kasiski, Die Geheimschriften und die Dechiffrir-Kunst, Berlin: E. S. Mittler und Sohn, 1863.(講義 p. 15 註腳)

  • W. F. Friedman, The Index of Coincidence and Its Applications in Cryptography, Riverbank Publication No. 22, 1922(撰於 1920)。

  • G. B. Bellaso, La cifra del Sig. Giovan Battista Bellaso, Venice, 1553;B. de Vigenère, Traicté des chiffres, Paris, 1586.

  • R. A. Fisher, F. Yates, Statistical Tables for Biological, Agricultural and Medical Research, 1938(Example 12);R. Durstenfeld, “Algorithm 235: Random permutation”, Comm. ACM 7(7), 1964;D. E. Knuth, TAOCP vol. 2, §3.4.2, Algorithm P.

  • 英文字母頻率:R. Lewand, Cryptological Mathematics, MAA, 2000(表 1.1);P. Norvig, “English Letter Frequency Counts: Mayzner Revisited”, 2013. https://norvig.com/mayzner.html

  • 換位密碼史:MIT Press Reader, “A History of Cryptography from the Spartans to the FBI”(講義 p. 17 引用)。

一次性密碼本的歷史

  • S. M. Bellovin, “Frank Miller: Inventor of the One-Time Pad”, Cryptologia 35(3), 2011, pp. 203–222.

  • G. S. Vernam, “Secret Signaling System”, U.S. Patent 1,310,719, filed 13 Sep. 1918, granted 22 Jul. 1919;G. S. Vernam, “Cipher Printing Telegraph Systems for Secret Wire and Radio Telegraphic Communications”, J. AIEE 45, 1926.

  • S. M. Bellovin, “Vernam, Mauborgne, and Friedman: The One-Time Pad and the Index of Coincidence”, in The New Codebreakers, LNCS 9100, 2016.

  • NSA Center for Cryptologic History, VENONA: Soviet Espionage and the American Response 1939–1957(R. L. Benson, M. Warner eds., 1996);R. L. Benson, The Venona Story;NSA, “VENONA: An Overview”(解密文件)。https://www.nsa.gov/Helpful-Links/NSA-FOIA/Declassification-Transparency-Initiatives/Historical-Releases/Venona/

  • CIA, DCI speech on VENONA release, 11 July 1995. https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/dci_speech_71195.html

  • Crypto Museum, “ETCRRM” 與 “Washington–Moscow Hotline”.
    https://www.cryptomuseum.com/crypto/hotline/

  • “Memorandum of Understanding Regarding the Establishment of a Direct Communications Link”, Geneva, 20 June 1963(美國國務院條約文本)。

  • L. Marks, Between Silk and Cyanide: A Codemaker’s War 1941–1945, HarperCollins, 1998.(SOE 絲質一次性密碼本)

  • 講義 p. 28 圖片來源:D. Lowry-Duda, “Visualizing the one-time pad” 與 Crypto Stack Exchange 問答 “Taking advantage of one-time pad key reuse?”.
    https://crypto.stackexchange.com/q/59

Problem 3 的電影引文

  • D. Jarman, Blue, 1993(Basilisk Communications/Channel 4);劇本收錄於 D. Jarman, Chroma, 1994.

  • F. Lang (dir.), T. von Harbou (scr.), Metropolis, UFA, 1927.(題詞 “Mittler zwischen Hirn und Händen muss das Herz sein”)

  • R. Scott (dir.), Blade Runner, Warner Bros., 1982;Roy Batty 的「Tears in rain」獨白(Rutger Hauer 於拍攝時改寫的版本)。

本教材計算所用工具

  • 所有解密、頻率統計、\(\IC\)/\(\chi^2\) 計算、多數決錯誤機率與金鑰空間大小均以 Python 3 標準函式庫(、、、)重新計算;程式片段見 §[sec:p3]。

本教材為學習輔助資料,依據公開講義、習題與文獻整理撰寫;Problem Set 的解答為作者之理解與推導,
如與課堂公布之標準答案有出入,請以課堂為準。