課程教材
N. K. Nguyen, E. W. Postlethwaite, 6CCS3CIS Cryptography, third lecture, King’s College London, 2025/26.
E. W. Postlethwaite, Problem Set 3, 6CCS3CIS Cryptography, 9 October 2025.
課本與延伸閱讀
J. Katz, Y. Lindell, Introduction to Modern Cryptography, 3rd ed., CRC Press, 2021. 本週對應:§1.3(Caesar、位移、單字母替換、Vigenère 與其破譯)、第 2 章(完美保密:定義 2.3、引理 2.4、定義 2.5、引理 2.6、構造 2.8、定理 2.9、§2.3 定理 2.10、§2.4 Shannon 定理 2.11;習題 2.3、2.7、2.9)。
C. E. Shannon, “Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems”, Bell System Technical Journal 28(4), 1949, pp. 656–715.(完美保密、OTP、\(\abs\calK\ge\abs\calM\)、唯一解距離)
D. Stinson, M. Paterson, Cryptography: Theory and Practice, 4th ed., CRC Press, 2018. 第 2 章(古典密碼與其分析:Kasiski、\(\IC\)、\(\chi^2\)/內積法)、第 3 章(Shannon 理論)。
M. Rosulek, The Joy of Cryptography, 第 1–2 章(OTP、一次性性質、Kerckhoffs)。https://joyofcryptography.com
D. Kahn, The Codebreakers, rev. ed., Scribner, 1996.(al-Kindī、Bellaso/Vigenère、Babbage、Kasiski、Friedman、Vernam/Mauborgne 的標準史料)
S. Singh, The Code Book, Fourth Estate, 1999.(通俗版:Mary Queen of Scots、Vigenère 的破解、OTP)
古典密碼與密碼分析
Suetonius, De vita Caesarum, Divus Iulius 56; Divus Augustus 88.(Caesar 位移 3、Augustus 位移 1)
F. W. Kasiski, Die Geheimschriften und die Dechiffrir-Kunst, Berlin: E. S. Mittler und Sohn, 1863.(講義 p. 15 註腳)
W. F. Friedman, The Index of Coincidence and Its Applications in Cryptography, Riverbank Publication No. 22, 1922(撰於 1920)。
G. B. Bellaso, La cifra del Sig. Giovan Battista Bellaso, Venice, 1553;B. de Vigenère, Traicté des chiffres, Paris, 1586.
R. A. Fisher, F. Yates, Statistical Tables for Biological, Agricultural and Medical Research, 1938(Example 12);R. Durstenfeld, “Algorithm 235: Random permutation”, Comm. ACM 7(7), 1964;D. E. Knuth, TAOCP vol. 2, §3.4.2, Algorithm P.
英文字母頻率:R. Lewand, Cryptological Mathematics, MAA, 2000(表 1.1);P. Norvig, “English Letter Frequency Counts: Mayzner Revisited”, 2013. https://norvig.com/mayzner.html
換位密碼史:MIT Press Reader, “A History of Cryptography from the Spartans to the FBI”(講義 p. 17 引用)。
一次性密碼本的歷史
S. M. Bellovin, “Frank Miller: Inventor of the One-Time Pad”, Cryptologia 35(3), 2011, pp. 203–222.
G. S. Vernam, “Secret Signaling System”, U.S. Patent 1,310,719, filed 13 Sep. 1918, granted 22 Jul. 1919;G. S. Vernam, “Cipher Printing Telegraph Systems for Secret Wire and Radio Telegraphic Communications”, J. AIEE 45, 1926.
S. M. Bellovin, “Vernam, Mauborgne, and Friedman: The One-Time Pad and the Index of Coincidence”, in The New Codebreakers, LNCS 9100, 2016.
NSA Center for Cryptologic History, VENONA: Soviet Espionage and the American Response 1939–1957(R. L. Benson, M. Warner eds., 1996);R. L. Benson, The Venona Story;NSA, “VENONA: An Overview”(解密文件)。https://www.nsa.gov/Helpful-Links/NSA-FOIA/Declassification-Transparency-Initiatives/Historical-Releases/Venona/
CIA, DCI speech on VENONA release, 11 July 1995. https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/dci_speech_71195.html
Crypto Museum, “ETCRRM” 與 “Washington–Moscow Hotline”.
https://www.cryptomuseum.com/crypto/hotline/“Memorandum of Understanding Regarding the Establishment of a Direct Communications Link”, Geneva, 20 June 1963(美國國務院條約文本)。
L. Marks, Between Silk and Cyanide: A Codemaker’s War 1941–1945, HarperCollins, 1998.(SOE 絲質一次性密碼本)
講義 p. 28 圖片來源:D. Lowry-Duda, “Visualizing the one-time pad” 與 Crypto Stack Exchange 問答 “Taking advantage of one-time pad key reuse?”.
https://crypto.stackexchange.com/q/59
Problem 3 的電影引文
D. Jarman, Blue, 1993(Basilisk Communications/Channel 4);劇本收錄於 D. Jarman, Chroma, 1994.
F. Lang (dir.), T. von Harbou (scr.), Metropolis, UFA, 1927.(題詞 “Mittler zwischen Hirn und Händen muss das Herz sein”)
R. Scott (dir.), Blade Runner, Warner Bros., 1982;Roy Batty 的「Tears in rain」獨白(Rutger Hauer 於拍攝時改寫的版本)。
本教材計算所用工具
所有解密、頻率統計、\(\IC\)/\(\chi^2\) 計算、多數決錯誤機率與金鑰空間大小均以 Python 3 標準函式庫(、、、)重新計算;程式片段見 §[sec:p3]。
本教材為學習輔助資料,依據公開講義、習題與文獻整理撰寫;Problem Set 的解答為作者之理解與推導,
如與課堂公布之標準答案有出入,請以課堂為準。